pledgeWallets, sorted by the actual question:
who can move your Bitcoin?
22 Bitcoin wallets reviewed against the same key-control framework. 16 are Bitcoin-only. 18 are open-source-verifiable. 21 have high-evidence-quality documentation. Each profile names the recovery model, the threat model, and the realistic best-fit user.
Who can actually move your Bitcoin?
Every dot is one wallet. The x-axis is how much signing control stays with you — from “a server or service can move it” on the left to “you alone” on the right. The y-axis is operational friction — tap-to-send at the bottom, airgapped multisig at the top. The picture: the wallets worth most people’s time sit in the upper band on control, and the “guided self-custody” corner buys that control with the least friction.
Editorial positioning — not a numeric scoring axis. Coordinates are placed by hand from each wallet’s known control and recovery model.
Wallet Comparison
Use this as a shortlist screen. Open sources before trusting a recovery model with real funds.
Can you actually read the code holding your keys?
“Open source” gets used loosely in this market. We split it three ways. Fully OSI open source means a recognised license and a rebuildable repo. Source-available means the code is on GitHub and auditable, but a Commons Clause or a closed binary keeps it short of OSI. Closed / mixedmeans parts you cannot independently verify. More open is not automatically “better” for every user — but it is the difference between trusting the code and trusting the company.
OSI open source
17Code published under a recognised open-source license (MIT, Apache, GPL, BSD, AGPL). Anyone can read, audit, and rebuild it.
- Sparrow WalletBTC-ONLYApache 2.0
- BlueWalletBTC-ONLYMIT / FOSS
- Blockstream AppGNU GPL
- Blockstream JadeBTC-ONLYPublic firmware repo
- TrezorOpen-source firmware
- ElectrumBTC-ONLYMIT
- NunchukBTC-ONLYGPL-3.0 / MIT
- BitBox02Open & audited firmware
- SeedSignerBTC-ONLYMIT
- Specter DesktopBTC-ONLYMIT
- Passport CoreBTC-ONLYGPLv3 + permissive
- MuunBTC-ONLYMIT, reproducible
- PhoenixBTC-ONLYApache 2.0
- BreezBTC-ONLYMIT
- ZEUSBTC-ONLYAGPL-3.0
- Bitcoin CoreBTC-ONLYMIT
- LianaBTC-ONLYBSD-3-Clause
Source-available
3Source is on GitHub and auditable, but a Commons Clause license or a closed binary component keeps it short of full OSI open source.
Closed / mixed
2Mixed open and closed components, or a custody service rather than open-source wallet software. Parts you cannot independently verify.
Source: each wallet’s open-source posture and license are read from its openSourcefield and verified per-claim sources in our wallet dataset (e.g. Apache 2.0, MIT, GPL-3.0, BSD-3-Clause, or a Commons Clause license). Where a wallet’s own documentation names a closed component — Keystone’s pre-compiled MCU library, Ledger’s Secure Element firmware — it is placed below OSI-clean accordingly. Licenses change; verify against each project’s repository before relying on this.
Assisted multisig
2 wallets
BitkeyBlock · hardware · Assisted multisigBTC-ONLYHIGH EVIDENCEFor: People who want self-custody with guided recovery and less seed-phrase handling.
Casa VaultCasa · collaborative · Assisted multisigHIGH EVIDENCEFor: High-value holders who want guided multisig, inheritance planning, and a support layer.
Hardware signer
8 walletsBlockstream JadeBlockstream · hardware · Hardware signerBTC-ONLYHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Users who want a lower-cost Bitcoin-focused hardware signer with QR airgap support and strong Blockstream App integration.
LedgerLedger · hardware · Hardware signerHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Users who want a mainstream hardware-wallet ecosystem with broad asset and app support.
TrezorTrezor · hardware · Hardware signerHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Users who want a widely used hardware wallet with a long track record and open-source posture.
COLDCARDCoinkite · hardware · Hardware signerBTC-ONLYHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Advanced cold-storage users who want airgapped signing and deep multisig controls.
BitBox02BitBox · hardware · Hardware signerHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Users who want a compact hardware wallet with strong backup ergonomics and an optional Bitcoin-only edition.
SeedSignerSeedSigner · hardware · Hardware signerBTC-ONLYHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Advanced users who want low-cost, stateless, airgapped Bitcoin signing with no persistent private-key storage on the device.
Passport CoreFoundation · hardware · Hardware signerBTC-ONLYHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Users who want a premium Bitcoin-only hardware signer with QR airgap and open-source posture.
KeystoneKeystone · hardware · Hardware signerFor: Users who want QR-first airgapped signing and broad wallet compatibility.
Multisig
4 wallets
NunchukNunchuk · collaborative · MultisigBTC-ONLYHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Bitcoin users who want multisig coordination, inheritance planning, and a path from DIY to assisted custody.
Specter DesktopSpecter Solutions · desktop · MultisigBTC-ONLYHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Users who want a Bitcoin Core-connected desktop coordinator for hardware-wallet multisig and sovereign custody.
MuunMuun · mobile · MultisigBTC-ONLYHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Mobile users who want one balance for on-chain and Lightning payments with a built-in emergency kit.
LianaWizardsardine · desktop · MultisigBTC-ONLYHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Long-term holders who want recovery, inheritance, or timelocked backup paths without giving up self-custody.
Single-sig
8 wallets
Sparrow WalletSparrow · desktop · Single-sigBTC-ONLYHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Power users who want coin control, hardware wallet coordination, multisig, and privacy tooling.
BlueWalletBlueWallet · mobile · Single-sigBTC-ONLYHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Mobile-first users who want Bitcoin-only software, watch-only monitoring, and optional multisig vaults.
Blockstream AppBlockstream · mobile · Single-sigHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Users who want a polished Bitcoin-first app, Jade integration, Tor, and a path from beginner to self-custody.
ElectrumElectrum · desktop · Single-sigBTC-ONLYHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Experienced users who want a long-running Bitcoin-only wallet with multisig, hardware wallet, and server-selection control.
PhoenixACINQ · mobile · Single-sigBTC-ONLYHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Users who want a self-custodial mobile Lightning wallet without manually managing channels.
BreezBreez · mobile · Single-sigBTC-ONLYHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Users who want a self-custodial Lightning wallet with payments, point-of-sale, and app/SDK ecosystem focus.
ZEUSZEUS · mobile · Single-sigBTC-ONLYHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Node operators and advanced users who want mobile control over Lightning infrastructure.
Bitcoin CoreBitcoin Core · desktop · Single-sigBTC-ONLYHIGH EVIDENCEFor: Sovereign users who want full-node validation and the reference Bitcoin implementation.
Across self-custody, hardware, multisig, and collaborative models.
Code published and verifiable. We tracked their audit cadence.
Reduced attack surface vs multi-asset wallets.
Hardware audits, recovery workflow documentation, threat model documented.